爐渣(zha)的(de)(de)組分(fen)靠(kao)加入適量(liang)的(de)(de)熔劑(石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英石(shi)(shi)(shi)、螢石(shi)(shi)(shi)等)進(jin)行(xing)調整。在冶(ye)煉過程中(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)過對爐渣(zha)組分(fen)和性質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)控制,能使(shi)脈石(shi)(shi)(shi)和氧(yang)化雜(za)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)產物與熔融(rong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)或硫順(shun)利分(fen)離,脫除金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)害雜(za)質(zhi)(zhi),吸收液態(tai)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)非(fei)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)夾雜(za)物不(bu)直接受(shou)爐氣(qi)污染,富集(ji)有用的(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氧(yang)化物;在電爐冶(ye)煉中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)是(shi)電阻發熱體。爐渣(zha)在保證冶(ye)煉操作順(shun)利進(jin)行(xing)、冶(ye)煉產品質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)回收率等各(ge)方面起著決(jue)定性作用,例如煉鋼(gang)作業中(zhong)(zhong)有"煉好渣(zha),才能煉好鋼(gang)"的(de)(de)說(shuo)法。
根(gen)據冶(ye)金過程的不同,爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)可分為(wei)熔(rong)煉渣(zha)(zha)(zha)、精煉渣(zha)(zha)(zha)、合(he)成(cheng)渣(zha)(zha)(zha);根(gen)據爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)性(xing)(xing)質,有堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)、酸性(xing)(xing)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)和中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)之(zhi)分。許多(duo)爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)有重要用(yong)處。例如高爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)可作水泥原料;高磷渣(zha)(zha)(zha)可作肥料;含釩(fan)、鈦渣(zha)(zha)(zha)分別可作為(wei)提煉釩(fan)、鈦的原料等(deng)。有些爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)可用(yong)來制(zhi)爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)水泥、爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)磚、爐(lu)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)玻璃(li)等(deng)。
煤在鍋(guo)爐燃燒室中產生的熔融物,由煤灰組成。可作磚、瓦(wa)等原料(liao)。
火法冶(ye)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)過程(cheng)(cheng)中生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)以(yi)氧化(hua)物(wu)為主的(de)熔體;它是(shi)鋼鐵(tie)、鐵(tie)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)及有(you)(you)色重金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)和精煉(lian)(lian)等(deng)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)重要(yao)產物(wu)之(zhi)一(yi)。主要(yao)成(cheng)(cheng)分是(shi)CaO、FeO、MgO、MnO(堿性(xing)氧化(hua)物(wu))等(deng),SiO2、P2O5、Fe2O3(酸性(xing)氧化(hua)物(wu))等(deng)及Al2O3(兩性(xing)氧化(hua)物(wu));此(ci)外,經常(chang)含有(you)(you)硫化(hua)物(wu),如鋼鐵(tie)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)爐(lu)渣中含有(you)(you)少(shao)(shao)量CaS,有(you)(you)色重金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)爐(lu)渣中有(you)(you)時含有(you)(you)較(jiao)多FeS、Cu2S或(huo)(huo) Ni3S2等(deng);爐(lu)渣中還(huan)夾帶少(shao)(shao)量金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬;個(ge)別(bie)強還(huan)原(yuan)性(xing)爐(lu)渣含有(you)(you)CaC2。在(zai)冶(ye)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)過程(cheng)(cheng)中,熔融(rong)爐(lu)渣與熔融(rong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬、熔融(rong)鐵(tie)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、熔锍及爐(lu)氣(qi)等(deng)產物(wu)之(zhi)間(jian)起著各種物(wu)理化(hua)學反應(ying),達到(dao)該過程(cheng)(cheng)所預期(qi)的(de)冶(ye)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)目(mu)的(de)。由于爐(lu)渣與金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬或(huo)(huo)熔锍間(jian)的(de)溶解度小以(yi)及兩者比重不(bu)同而得與分離。依(yi)據組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)同,熔渣冷(leng)凝后成(cheng)(cheng)為巖石狀或(huo)(huo)玻(bo)璃狀物(wu)質。